Altruism Essay Example for Free

Altruism EssayThe statement People never designedly mould to benefit others except completely to obtain roughly good for themselves is often described as Altruism or an Altruistic act. This statement is non entirely true. It is possible for soul to intentionally act to benefit others, but this is something that does not happen very often. There are multiple theories as to wherefore people do and do not perform altruistic acts. If someone is a member of your family you are more likely to stand by a somebody in need, if you feel sympathetic towards someone you are likely to swear out a person in need or if it is a friendly norm you are likely to help them. If in a certain situation helping someone is not a social norm then you are less likely to help this person. withal if someone wanted to perform an altruistic act it is very difficult to do so in our society because we reward people who we perceive to be good, or to have done good things. If you perform an Altruistic a ct towards a member of your family would be acting within Hamiltons kin infusion theory (1960s). The kin selection theory which states that you are much more likely to perform an altruistic act if the person you are helping is a member of your family.An typeface of this is recently in Melbourne there was a wall collapse. Three people died as a result of this incident a fair sex in her thirties and an eighteen and nineteen-year-old siblings, the older brother and his sis. The older woman died upon impact, as did the brother, but only after he shielded his sister from the collapsing wall. His sister likewise died later in hospital. (ABC News, 1st April 2013) This is an example of the kin selection theory. Instead of doing what benefited himself, he tried to save his sister, despite it having dire consequences.This would be considered an act of altruism as it did not benefit him, and in this case even had negative consequences, especially as his sister later died in hospital. Anot her apprehension people perform altruistic acts is out of sympathy. Sympathy is a natural imprint of concern for a person. Even if you cant relate to the person you feel bad for them, or concerned for them. An example of someone feeling sympathetic is Julio Diaz, who when a mugger came up to him one night with a knife he handed over his wallet without complaint.When the mugger went to walk away he stopped him and offered him his coat as well, saying he didnt want the mugger to get cold. He then continued to offer to buy the mugger dinner. (Huffington Post, 17th November 2011). Diaz obviously felt sympathy towards the mugger, or he wouldnt have given over his wallet, jacket crown and paid for his dinner. Diaz ended up getting his wallet back from the boy who handed it over after they had eaten. Diaz felt sympathy towards the boy due to the point that the boy had almost nothing, where as Diaz had enough money to comfortably live.Sympathy makes people feel like they have a moral ob ligation to help someone in need the person they feel sympathetic towards. Sometimes people help others because it is considered a social norm. An example of this is saying please and convey you. This is considered normal in most societies and it is often frowned upon if you dont use these. A social norm is something people often take for granted and a lot of people are shocked when someone doesnt follow what they consider to be normal. Another example of a social norm in our society is to wear clothes in public.If you were walking down the street and you say someone walking towards you naked you would not think this was normal. You would wonder why they were naked and often avoid walking to close to, making eye contact with, or speaking to this person. If you were in some traditional aboriginal shade you would wear nothing but animal skin, or even walk around naked. This is/was considered a social norm within that society. There are some internationally recognized social norms, like not engaging in cannibalism, and dressing modestly.While not all societies, past or present, follow these social norms most of the world does. There are also norms within society, religion and individual families. A social norm in our society is mate-ship, not let down your friends, family, or community. There are plenty of social norms in religion, such as in Christianity it is not exactable to love someone of the same sex. This is an example of a social norm that is slowly changing over time, as do most social norms.It was a social norm in Britain in the 1800s that you attended church, where as in 2002 only 18. 6% of people in the United Kingdom attended church regularly. (Tearfund report, 2007) This is an example of how social norms intensify over time, and what we consider to be social norms at the moment may not be considered normal in 40,50,60,70 or more years. These things cannot be considered an altruistic act because you would benefit poorly from not doing these thin gs, so it is good for you to say please and thank you, bringing it back to the first example.There are also plenty of things people do not do to help others because it is considered outside of the social norms. If you saw a drunk person on the street you likely wouldnt help them because society has shaped us to think that these people brought the state they are in on themselves, therefore it is not our problem to help them once they are in this situation. Social norms can be beneficial, but they can also detrimental. Another instance where helping someone is not considered an altruistic act is if the act is mutually beneficial.This can cover a range of things, from the benefit to you macrocosm a smile from someone, to a bravery award. If you see a child drowning and you swim out and save them and when you get back their mother says thank you and buys you an ice-skating rink cream then you are benefiting, the ice cream being the benefit. If while trying to save this child you drow n you do not benefit in anyway, and this even has a negative affect on you. This would be an act of altruism because there is no mutual benefit.A benefit for you may be something as small as a good feeling inside, or a smile, but these are benefits of redeeming(a) the child, there for there is mutual benefit. You walk away with a good feeling and maybe an ice cream and the child walks away with his life. A real life example of this is Don Richie, who lived just across the road from one of Australias most disreputable suicide locations. It is estimated that Richie saved more than 160 lives in his lifetime.He received the title of Australias local hero in 2011(ABC Radio, 14th May 2012). This is something he got out of stopping these people commit suicide. Despite the fact that he had no knowledge he was going to receive this award when he started saving people, because he received this award it is not an act of altruism. Some would argue that even if he hadnt received this award the se would still not be acts of altruism, as he felt good about saving these people, and it made him a happier person.This is his benefit, making it mutually beneficial and not an act of altruism. People do act to benefit others, without obtaining good for themselves, but this is a rare situation. Whether the person wanted to obtain some good for themselves or not they almost forever do, as acts of kindness are rewarded in most societies. While people can intentionally act to benefit others without obtaining good for themselves this almost never happens, just now because of the way our society is shaped.

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay Example for Free

Night by Elie Wiesel EssayNight by Elie Wiesel. Born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania, Eliezer is a young and ardent minded individual, but doubts his religious beliefs. He and his family were taken from their home in 1944 to Auschwitz concentration camp, which was known as the Holocaust. Eliezer, being a dynamic character had some thoughts and feelings towards life and his father. His thoughts and organized religion always changed (Wiesel 33). But, he always tried to stay strong, hopeful and determined for himself and his father.While in Auschwitz, Elie thought alot about how his life was changing (38). He went from a 13-year old deeply observant and very religious teen, into a wishing, confused and doubtful individual. Being dynamic changes you as a individual and it affected the mood and tone of the story. Eliezers appearance wasnt really mentioned in the story. But you could imagine what happened with eating just bread crusts, soup, and sometimes vigor to drink (54). When Eliezer broke his foot, he still hopped for survival along with his frail father (78). His belief and faith subsided the longer they stayed in the camps. Others lost complete faith in their God that they trusted (66). It was every man for himself and they would do anything to stay alive, even kill. While staying in the camps Eliezer sometimes decided between life and death, to passing water the hurt, torture, and pain. Once they were finally released free, no one thought of revenge (115).All they wanted was to eat and when they were no longer hungry, they still didnt think of revenge. immunity and food were the only things left to think about (113). Eliezer is a young and strong-minded individual, but doubts his religious beliefs. Being a dynamic character operator that you arent sure about decisions and your mind is always changed. When Eliezer found the strength to get up and look at himself in the mirror, the gaze that looked back at him never left him.

Sources Of Failure In Strategic Alliance Formulation Commerce Essay

Sources Of Failure In Strategic Alliance Formulation Commerce EssayToday, organizations face global competition and will on the presbyopic run only be successful if they can successfully exploit their value delivery potential of the relationships strategic all toldiances and matchships. Organisations that work together for the purpose of correlative bene satisfactory is a concept that is gaining ground in business markets, as market leaders now understand that success from collaboration can be a viable competitive advantage. Organisations entering into conjunctions in the twenty-first century regard to size up their prospective partners in shape to ensure that they action more success than their predecessors. However, identifying the best partner is only the first step in increasing the probably of chemical bond success. Proper design and coordination argon postulate to facilitate the stability of an alliance and to achieve an effective working relationship amid the partne rs. Trust and commitment between alliance partners is the ultimate goal. Only thence can the true benefits of entering into an alliance be realised.It is really important for a compevery that is interested in spend a pennying a strategic alliance that the partner chosen study the internal capacities filmed for the performed activity. In other words, the competencies required to achieve the desired goal. In this sense, small differences in terms of management appearance and elaboration between the cooperating firms whitethorn end up becoming estimable problems that make it difficult to create synergies. There are a large topic of characteristics (honesty, positive disposition, efficacy, etc.) that can only be appreciated after several years in the relationship. It is convenient for a firm to work informally with some other fellowship before formalising the strategic alliance. This can help to assess levels of compatibility and its potential evolution, since it is with daily contact that we can discover the partners habits and tendencies.INTRODUCTIONIn todays changing and underdeveloped business world, strategic alliances have become an important tool for the success many business ventures. According to Ohmae (1989, p 143), last 20 years have been marked an era of worlds development. Some of the evolutions of this period are the globalisation of markets, quick changes in technology, and the expansion of many domestic organizations boundaries. As resolvent of these rapid motions, strategic alliances have importantly become a competitive necessity. One of the reasons of this necessity is that a single firm is unlikely to have all the resourcefulnesss and capabilities to accomplish global competitiveness. Thus, cooperation between companies which has complementary resources is always important for survival and growth. (Dussauge, Garrette and Mitchell, 1998) According to Morossini (1999), strategic alliances are change for the firms to reduce risks and s hare resources, gain companionship and technology, expand the existing product lines, and opportunity to enter new markets. Strategic alliances provide firms to expand their reach without having to maximise their risk or commit themselves beyond their core business. However, as mentioned above, although strategic alliances bring big opportunities and provide conveniences for many companies, at the same time, there are some challenges that can case with failure for the organizations. The percentage of failures of strategic alliances is changeable from a low 30 per cent (Cullen, 2007), to a high 70 per cent (Dacin et al, 2007). Apart from the expecting risks of entering into an alliance competition between partners is often pointed as the major reason for alliance failure (Dacin et al, 1997).Throughout this paper, it will be examined, analysed and discussed that the to the highest degree frequent sources of failure in forming strategic alliances and what can be done to mitigate the se problems.OBSTACLES THAT ALLIANS PARTNERS FACEObstacles that alliance partners face can be divided into hard and soft issues. Hard factors reckon the linking of different financial and control systems and settling legal disputes (The Economist, 1999). On the other hand, soft factors are related to people and human resource issues, which involve make effective working relationships and integrating disparate corporate cultures (Hitt et al, 1999). It is usually the insufficient attention to the soft issues that result in the failure of many strategic alliances. Pertinently, culture permeates a company, and differences can poison any collaboration (The Economist, 1999). The more heathenishly distant two firms are, the greater the differences in organisational and administrative practices, employee expectations, and the interpretation of strategic issues (Schneider and De Meyer, 1991, p 307). The problem is compounded with cross-border alliances, where language barriers create commu nication problems. Poor communication often leads to coordination problems, managerial conflict and distrust. Without trust, the cost of transferring managerial practices and technologies will be high, because safeguards against opportunistic behaviour are needed (Park and Ungson, 1997, p 279). Therefore, in order to avoid such problems, firms entering into an alliance need to be ethnicly compatible. Indeed, it has been suggested that cultural compatibility is the most important factor in ensuring the long-term success of an alliance (Lane and Beamish, 1990, p 87).SOURCES OF FAILURE IN FORMING STRATEGIC ALLIANCESThere are always a serial of challenges that have to be faced when forming a strategic alliance and the decent people need to be recruited in order for the alliance to be a success. Some of these challenges are discussed below (Tetenbaum, 2001)Small differences in terms of management style and culture between the cooperating companies may end up becoming serious problem s that will make it very difficult to create a synergy, therefore leading to a poor financial performance or even entirety dissolution of the alliance. It is essential for the human resources team to be aware of these differences in order for them to properly formulate and help with the implementation of the organizational strategy within the alliance. I will present some of the differences that help in the success or failures of a strategic alliance and that have to be addressed by the human resource department.Problems that result from human are significant for the implementation of an alliance, and may alone determine its success or failure. For this reason, it is significant that HRM specifies every particles ability in the organization, within the management team, and what motivates those skills, in order to place the appropriate individuals in mark positions. (Tetenbaum, 2001)The most critical period of a strategic alliance is the beginning part which is a period of maximu m uncertainty and apprehension for the workers, along that the company has to find a reaction to their lucid concerns, giving these employees something better than what they already have, therefore succeeding in establishing stability long enough to guarantee some permanent results. (Tetenbaum, 2001)A strategic alliance usually brings about the introduction of a series of changes in the co-operating organisations behaviour. These changes can be a sign a potential source of challenges and conflicts with the companys personnel which may lead to the failure of the collaboration, if they are not properly sorted out. (Tetenbaum, 2001)The Culture Although the organizational change derived from the creation of a strategic alliance is conditioned by the attitude of the human resources, this attitude also depends on the personal values and the corporate culture. This brings us to the following subject which gives us another source of problems when implementing a strategic alliance. (Tetenba um, 2001)Culture The existence of different cultures is an obstacle that strategic alliances are forced to encounter. The resistance to change may arise because the low rank employees may have not been properly informed of what the goals are they might be less experienced than top management at working with people form other culture, or they just do not agree with the new alliance. This is why the human resources team is a key element for the strategic alliance. (Tetenbaum, 2001)unlike Types of Culture National and organizational cultures have an impact on the degree of organizational involvement and outcomes. National culture has been defined by Hofstede as, the collective schedule of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group or category of people from another. (Tetenbaum, 2001)WHAT CAN BE DONE TO MITIGATE THESE PROBLEMS?There are some factors and key point that need to be taken into account by organizations when joining into a strategic alliances or a strategic alliance is being formed. Organizations that fit these important points will always be successful. Some of these important factors can be specified as followingsOrganisations entering into alliances in the twenty-first century need to size up their prospective partners in order to ensure that they achieve more success than their predecessors. However, identifying the best partner is only the first step in increasing the probably of alliance success. Proper design and coordination are needed to facilitate the stability of an alliance and to achieve an effective working relationship between the partners. Trust and commitment between alliance partners is the ultimate goal. Only then can the true benefits of entering into an alliance be realised. (Saxton, 1997)Executive managers will need to have know-how however other competencies will be required to create a synergy. Ideally these competencies will be found in all the persons convoluted with the project. Some of the competencies requ ired by the human resources management team when selecting the members of the strategic alliance are flexibility, humbleness, integrity, patience, curiosity, and not afraid of making mistakes. It is important that HRM determine whether the right person can be found within the ranks of the company or whether external recruiting is the best choice. This decision is crucial for the future of the alliance.CONCLUSIONIn order for an alliance to work the human resources team must take the time to understand the challenges existing when putting two companies together and they have to be will to unite two groups of managers that will have to plan for and build their new organization they need to be sensitive to the human, organizational culture, and cultural issues that have to be addressed along the way. Most important, the human resource team needs to find and motivate executives that want to grow their businesses and create added value for their shareholders, customers, employees, and the mselves.What we can fall from the several researches that have been done is that, cooperation and effective management are major points for the success of the alliance. From the problems that appear within a strategic alliance, these related to the human resource management which participate in the alliance especially stand out. Therefore, using knowledge related asymmetries may be a way to protect a companys specific asset while gaining valuable knowledge from the alliance without attacking the partner company.Another situation that has to be taken into consideration is that the appearance of cultural challenges does not mean that the strategic alliance will be dissolve. The human resources team has to put in place a training programme for cultural understanding to help employees cope with the differences. On the other hand, it is very important to include managers with multicultural skills within the alliance team to be able to sooth any possible tension.Finally, we can observe t hat the top reason of creating an alliance with another firm is that the union promotes attainment of strategic goals more quickly and inexpensively than if the company acts on its own. Especially in this era of intense change, rapid technological advance and ever-increasing globalization, alliances enable organizations to gain flexibility, leverage competencies, shared resources, and create opportunities that otherwise are unthinkable. Even though reality shows us that the number of strategic alliances that have succeeded is very low.

Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in India: A Question of Multinational Corporation

Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in India A Question of Multi content CorporationCoca-Cola and PepsiCo argon the both largest corporations producing soft-drinks and bottled pee to twenty-four hours, therefore having a huge impact on people all(prenominal) around the world. One country in particular that has been greatly impact by these two corporations is India. Raman (2007) reported that both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were initially attracted to India for production due to its expanding middle-class between the end of the 1980s and early 1990s as wellspring as the extremely cheap supply of water (p. 107). Ironically, water is what ultimately ca utilize the start of problems within India (in K successionla specifically) which came into view around 2001. The conceit of water being a human the right way and the power that multinational corporations hold in foreign countries of the S asideh became huge concerns. Canadians and many others around the world social occasion these products daily, therefore do this very relevant to our daily bides. This paper testament therefore argue that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, although thought to help India stintingally, has rather solitary(prenominal)(prenominal) ca dropd many internal renders.Theoretical mountArturo Escobar and Gustavo Estevas post- development theory confirms the argument that multinational corporations much(prenominal) as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo sop up moreover(prenominal) ca personad more problems in India rather than creating economic prosperity. Escobar explains that economic diversity is lost with modernisation and development, which is what is happening in India. Their extendnce is highly ground on the success of corporations within their country. The post-development theory to a fault explains that surroundingsal destruction is a negative go of modernization in third-world countries much(prenominal) as India. One of the major(ip) concerns with Coca-Cola and PepsiCo in Kerala, India be the envi ronmental concerns, including polluted water, water depletion, and agricultural problems.The whole reason that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo rush built calculateies in India is because it is the cheapest for them overall and there are less justty regulations. The government of India was convinced that allowing these factories to be built within their country would bring them economic prosperity (Raman, 2010, pg. 255), which has non necessarily happened. This could easily be linked to Andre Gunder Franks underdevelopment theory because the money that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo present rag from their factories in India is immense and has brought development back to the north, however, it has only caused underdevelopment to occur within India and has brought on many internal problems. The main idea of the underdevelopment theory is that development in the Global North has caused underdevelopment in the Global South. It is the idea that these countries are not undeveloped, just now they are still not as developed as the countries and companies exploiting them, which is the case in India.Looking at the base reasons as to why transnational corporations such as the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo would want to have factories in India feces be linked to the theory of neoliberalism, which supports the idea of globalization and privatization. The reasons that these corporations are spreading themselves around the world is for more profit, which is an burning(prenominal) part of neoliberalism. India itself has been becoming increasingly liberalized since the 1990s, as the country previously did not allow corporations like Coca-Cola to be sold or produced within the country, barely it is now open to corporations. Overall, the argument of this paper will be based on the post-development theory, further the phenomenon of these corporations live oning in India is based on neoliberalism.Research AnalysisThe Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo corporations have had negative impacts in India in three major ways runner, they have been the cause for several(prenominal) environmental problems, especially with water depletion and agriculture. Secondly, many health problems have arisen out the pollution and pesticides used by the two corporations and lastly, although they may contribute to the macroeconomics of the world, topical anesthetic economies in India have been virtually destroyed because of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo.Looking firstly at the issue of environmental issues that have arisen in India (namely within Plachimada in Kerala), water shortages and have out of safe drinking water have been the cause for major debate (Aiyer, 2008). The Coca-Cola Company was extracting anywhere from 500,000 to 1.5 million liters of groundwater a day (it dumbfounds roughly 3 liters of groundwater to make 1 liter of soft drink or 1 liter of bottled water) (p. 645). Plachimada was once a very plentiful place with a great amount of groundwater, which is why Coca-Cola origin ally decided to build up its factory there (Raman, 2007, p. 107). However, now residents are left with very little water for self-consumption, and in some(prenominal) areas, the water is not safe to drink at all (Hyams, 2004 Vedwan et al., 2007). This brings in a question of, who causes the water? Human rights suggests that water should be provided free to whoever affects it, but now Coca-Cola and PepsiCo own the only safe water, which has caused many legal issues in the recent past. Vedwan (2007) explains that there are entirely not enough regulations governing the choice of commercial bottled beverages, which shows how multinational corporations often take favour of underdeveloped countries like India. In Ghoshrays article (2007), Searching for Human Rights to Water amidst Corporate Privatization in India Hindustan Coca-Cola Pvt. Ltd. v. Perumatty gramma Panchayat, he writes, At the ensuret of the case lies perhaps the nigh poignant legal battle of the current century the corporate right to privatization versus the indigenous right to water,(1).Basically, the issue of water depletion in Plachimada has brought on many local economic problems. Agriculture is the largest industry in Kerala, India, but now many farmers discharge no daylong afford to live happily (Aiyer, 2008, p. 650). Agriculture, once the backbone of the economy and the key source of capital accumulation, now only contributes 25 percent to the national GDP even so as 75 percent of the population is dependent on it, (Hyams, 650). Their crops cannot grow without a sufficient amount of rainfall and groundwater. This means that local economies have been falling due to the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo factories in India, even though the companies have brought money into the country as a whole. The Indian Government will in any case have to start paying for this problem because if soil degradation gets worse, importing more foods may become necessary. Therefore, this issue is actually not intimately economically for much of India.Closely linked with environmental degradation, the health of the people in and amongst the area of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo has also become an issue. Hyams article, Killa-Cola (2004) explains that people had become getting maladjusted just months after the Coca-Cola Plant was built in Kerala. The waters were eventually tested by the government, and it was declared that the once clean water was no longer drinkable. For the locals animated in Plachimada, this immatures was terrible because for many, the local groundwater was their only source of clean water. Now women are expected to walk miles for fresh water separately day (Raman, 2007, p. 110). Not only that, but Coca-Cola had suggested that local farmers use their fertilizer on their fields for better crops. The farmers were encouraged to spread the scoop on their go finished the corporation verbalise it was an excellent fertilizer that would improve their yields. This provided a cheap and convenient waste disposal mechanism for the factory (Hyams, 2004). Little did they know that the sludge contained dangerous levels of toxic metals including lead, cadmium, and chromium. So not only were the people of Plachimada being poisoned by their water, but also by their food thanks to Coca-Cola. This problem has costed a lot of money for the Indian Government to deal with, and will surely cost more for them in the future.Sludge on the fields, however, was not the only health concern when Coca-Cola came to Plachimada. The drinks themselves, according to Raman (2007) and Ciochetto (2004), were also contaminated with pesticides. In India, however, it was the thoughtless ecological degradation that laid the land to waste and the poisonous content of the soft drinks themselves that were condemned by villagers and activists alike (Raman, 2007, p. 106). This issue is what ultimately brought most publicity to Kerala, India against the Coca-Cola Company. Even after this poin t, the CEOs of both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola did not really change their ways. In fact, Vedwans article (2007) explains, Perhaps, the most false act to undo the feelings of bad publicity came from the PepsiCo CEO when he publicly opposed the adoption of European norms for beverages sold in India (p. 671). This ultimately leads to increase underdevelopment in Kerala and other areas being affected by the drinking corporations because the people of the region are basically sinking deeper into poverty without sufficient water, increased disease, and lack of food . The post-development theory supports this.The last reason as to why the Coca-Cola and Pepsi corporations have had a negative impact on the overall society in India is economic-based. Although the corporations have helped stimulate the macroeconomics, it is clear that the micro or local economies in India have become even worse that they had been in the past (Raman, 2010, p. 254). Aiyers article (2008), for example, mentions tha t the agriculture sector, which used to be the largest sector in India, now only accounts for 25 percent of the GDP compared to the 75 percent of the population who relies on it. Seventy percent of this plain population faces daily hunger in terms of caloric intake, (p. 650) This fact has also led to a widespread physical depression in the artless areas of India, where an average of seven suicides per farmer happen each day (ibid). The corporations specify over India is massive, which is overall salutary economically for the countries in control (the United States), but not so much for India. According to Raman (2007), The Coca-Cola marketing system is an example of how the culture of consumerism is rendered essential to individuals perceptions of culture and self-worth (p. 109) Hyams notes that, Coca-Cola, which is the biggest US corporate investor in India, has the countrys law makers in the palm of its hand, (2004). Although the above statement may show some bias against Coca -Cola, it is for the most part true. Even in 2006 when the state of Kerala in India banned the use of Coca-Cola and Pepsi products, there was so much pressure from the government and corporations that the ban only lasted for one month (Aiyer, 2008, p. 640). It should also not be forgotten that while so many people are being starved in the towns where these companies exist, Coca-Cola and Pepsi are making around $2 billion per year in profit in India (Aiyer, 2008, p. 641).Overall, the above points provide truth as to why Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have had more of a negative effect on India overall rather than the positive effect that we are tricked into thinking exists. The academic journal articles referenced above support this thesis by proving that there has been environmental devastation, health problems, and economic issues caused by the Coca-Cola and Pepsi factories in the Kerala state in India.ConclusionsOverall, the issue of multinational corporations exploiting developing countri es is nothing new, and countries going through rapid expansion, such as India, want corporations to come so that they can build a strong GDP. Looking specifically at Coca-Cola and Pepsi in India, it is well-to-do to see that there have been many more negative aspects of having these corporations in India than positive aspects, even economically. The environmental degradation and health problems have caused many internal problems within Indian communities, and rather than bringing economic prosperity, it is clear that economic problems have resulted from Coca-Cola and Pepsi setting up factories in these villages.This brings us to the question of whether multinational corporations are really a good thing or not. We use their products routine in North America, and most people share a common belief that they have helped build economies. Not only that, but we daily hear about the good things that corporations are doing for us and the events that they sponsor, such as the Olympics but w e must question what is happening behind the scenes of all of this. Looking at the issue of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in India is just a small example of the problems that multinational corporations have caused worldwide. Also, we must question if these corporations are really bringing development to a country, or rather causing underdevelopment, as Coca-Cola and Pepsi seem to be doing in the Kerala province.Finally, is neoliberalism the answer? It seems like there have been so many problems that have arisen from it. That being said, Escobar and Estevas underdevelopment theory is becoming increasingly popular as the world begins to realize what multinational corporations and neoliberalism is doing to separate the rich-poor gap between the North and South. Is globalization all that great? By looking Plachimadas case, most would come to the conclusion that it is not. These are the types of questions that can be considered when looking at the issue of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo not only in India, but all around the world.Video Conferencing Advantages and DisadvantagesVideo Conferencing Advantages and DisadvantagesThe exponential growth in the intimacy based society triggered by the equally strong impact of nurture engineering science and its various tools have expanded the human intellectual creativity. Information applied science portal has thus enabled both the analysis as well as the development of ideas and concepts between individuals with the access of a simple reckoner and a bid connection. The combination of a computer, a telephone and the services of an lucre Service supplier have preparen over birth to a sum of users to accomplish targets previously deemed to be impossible. The synergy of both cookery applied science and the people behind the computer have resulted in the action of goals, in bring providing excellent results for their respective organizations. One such area of this new mode of exchanging information amongst the various information engineering portals is video-conferencing, a development which has further reduced be and time to take decisions, meet people, interact, learn and teach even from the comfort of their living or board rooms respectively. Certainly one of the most informative modes of telecommuting, video-conferencing has emerged as a strong tool for exchanging information, transfer training, and learning/teaching varied courses in both the commerce and academic environments. The following paper will strive to posit some of the salient aspects and characteristics of video-conferencing, its uses, advantages, disadvantages, as well as analyse it from the berth of line of merchandise organizations, with a particular focus on use of video-conferencing as a means of communication for venue providers and event management organizations.Our present day environment is evidence of an era in which time is the essence, and in majority of instances of crucial importance. This is true for both the fiercely p rivate-enterprise(a) business environment as well as the ever fast pace of the knowledge based industries. A brief overview of the developments in the last two decades would reveal that the global economy has shown a somewhat similar set of trends as was witnessed during the era of industrialization some three centuries ago. Thus, one can easily observe the gradual passageway from the industrial based economies to the present day knowledge based economy. This can be evidenced in a lot every sphere of life, including but not limited to businesses, private and social lives. The onset and spread of information engine room and its various modes are largely responsible for this significant transition. Today, access to information is not the domain of a few groups/regions and individuals, n either can it manipulated instead access to information is now possible through a personal computer, a telephone connection, and services of an meshing Service Provider. This has resulted in transf orming information into one of the biggest challenges, and into fully developed knowledge based economy. Those with the latest information in their respective disciplines are assumed successful, and this is only possible through the appropriate use of the modern tools of information technology, with video-conferencing as being one such tool. Such is the gravity, and need to hire knowledge that one has to practically stay a few steps ahead of their nearest competitor, simply to exist in the present day competitive environment. The market dynamics and realities of respective industries practically force individuals and organizations alike to stay abreast and compete in the face of the allied challenges successfully. This is only possible by accepting challenges, however intricate and large they may be, and converting them into effective source of knowledge. Using technology as a conduit for access to this knowledge not only saves significant resources, but also the factor of time as a crucial aspect is fully exploited and saved. It is this saving of time and resources that have given rise to such tools as video-conferencing, providing an edge to the patterns of doing business and living a successful life. Though marred by a number of drawbacks and disadvantages, video-conferencing has nevertheless emerged as one of the most effective tools of communications in the present day business environment and it is this mode of modern communication, which will comprise a large segment of the following paper.According to the information accessed from the web pages of www.whatis.com, videoconference is a means of communication between two groups of people from separate locations. Generally, video-conference involves the use of a audio, video, and supplemental equipment enabling both the groups of people to see, hear and converse with each other from multiple locations. Emerging from the environment of a boardroom, classroom, or a manufacturing site, video-conferencing p rovides each caller to interact with each other as if they were sitting in front of each other in the same room. The single most important advantage of video-conferencing has been the provision of or enhancement of speed for the business processes and operations, just as the use of e-mail and facsimile has speeded up access to information. Some of the major benefits derived from video-conferencing include, but are not limited to cost savings in travel, accommodation, staff time, greater and enhanced communication amongst employees at distant locations, and between suppliers and customers. (Video Conferencing UK, 2005)As also briefly outlined in the opening paragraphs, it is the access to information and knowledge that has enabled individuals and organizations to stay abreast of their nearest competitors, an aspect that is true for businesses an academia alike. Simply put, a business organization cannot remain competitive if it does not have access to encourage information in its r espective industry similarly a instructor cannot impart direction/training to its pupils if he/she remains behind latest set of researches and information about their respective subjects. Acknowledging the fact that the present day era in fact comprises of a networked environment, the importance of video-conferencing takes on rattling dynamic dimensions. This is all the more true in the face of global events which can leave a devastating effect on the local and international economy, and upon which no individual, organization or country can command any measure of control.Examples of such global events that have shattered economies, devastated entire countrysides, and left a trail of human misery and loss of property include the tragic events of September 11, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus of South east Asia, the devastating tidal waves of Tsunami destroying precious life and property from Island of Maldives in South East Asia to th e shores of Dar-es-Salaam in the East African country of Tanzania. It is events such as stated in the preceding lines which makes the importance of communication tool of video-conferencing ever more critical in the present day environment.The need for information technology tools such as video-conferencing is further precipitated in view of the diverse nature of our societies across the globe, which in turn give rise to political, economic, and social risks, the threat of global diseases, terrorism including bio-terrorism either or all of which then pose a significant challenge not only to the productivity and economics of a nation, but to the individuals and organizations across the globe as well. Just as the significant nature of advances in medical research that have triggered a revolution in the treatment and care of concoction of diseases, the revolution in information technology has unadulterated similar results, providing and collecting crucial entropy and information fro m every corner of the globe and atmosphere for the general benefit of global populations. Information technology tools such as video-conferencing have thus made it possible for providing better productivity and enhanced performance in our organizations allowing general populations to take preventive and corrective action in the face of emergencies, crisis situations, or even using it to raise production levels and launching new and better products in the face of severe competitions. Video-conferencing thus aids in the accomplishment of performance excellence, provides for an advance information portal to thwart off threats of disease, spread of virus, the onset of incoming natural calamities including storms, cyclones such as those witnessed in the Tsunami of December of 2004. It is thus essential for practically all businesses, academic institutions, government agencies, and the general populations to develop their respective multi-cultural and technology supported communication sy stems so that they are better able to address either of the said contingencies, and engage and use information technology tools including video-conferencing to accomplish the same. (Andersen, 2004)Though the above sections have briefly outlined the maturement importance of video-conferencing as an important tool of information technology, the following review of articles are a further attempt to provide evidence to this respect. The first article is titled Online In the inaccessible The Use of Videoconferencing by Australian Aborigines authored by shekels Hodges and published in Technology Review issue of April 1996.Upon reading the said article by Mark Hodges, it was evident that while the use of video-conferencing still remained a remote idea and its application still under-utilized in countries such as the United States of America and other European countries, the Warlpiri aborigines of Tanami region of Australias Northern Territory have been effectively using this technology since 1993. The exchange of information through the use of video-conferencing given the name of Tanami net income taking its name from the region links some four settlements of Walpiri aborigines, as well as with the major Australian cities of Sydney, Darwin, and Alice Springs.The use of video-conferencing for these aborigines has proved to such a successful venture that the aborigines are able to communicate and gain vital information from a number of government service providers set in the said urban cities while at the same time video-conferencing has also provided these Walpiri aborigines access to customers and business organizations for Walpiri arts and crafts, established links with other Australian aborigines and with indigenous populations living in countries of the world.Also used for consultations amongst the aborigine leaders to arrive at important decisions for their traditional ceremonies and community related issues, the use of video-conferencing has successfully be en expanded for such applications as access to disciplineal programmes including adult and secondary bringing up, teacher training, legal assistance, social security, and access for remote health care.In essence, the Tanami Network, using the video-conferencing tool of information technology has thus provided these Australian aborigines an excellent portal for enhancing their quality of family and community life. Perhaps the single most important advantage gained by the use of video-conferencing technology by the Australian aborigines has been to overcome lack of communication factor within the close circle of family and friends, which even today stands threatened by alarming influence of Australian western culture as well as the geographic isolation of these fragile aborigines across the Australian continent.Thus, video-conferencing has been successfully used in areas of education, ceremony functions, decision-making, and access to health care, promotion of Aborigine artifacts a rts and culture, and access to businesses located in urban areas of Australia, as well as far off places such as London and the United States of America respectively. The link created by video-conferencing with the aborigines living in other parts of the world is yet another major accomplishment of this technology. The use of video-conferencing has thus resulted in the creation of a close network with Saami of Scandinavia, the Inupiat of Alaska, the Inuit of Canada, and the Little Red Cree Nation living in the state of Alberta in Canada.A similar video-conferencing network also in Australia provided aborigine students of New South Wales the hazard to continue secondary education. Providing a link between 4 schools set in remote locations, the students use the video-conferencing technology to finish the final 2 years of their education, against the option to either drop out of school, or the more dear(predicate) option of joining a boarding school located at a distance ranging fro m 200 to 400 kilometers. In addition to the crucial opportunity to continue education for the aborigine students, the video-conferencing technology also provides these populations with topics and subjects otherwise not available within the confines of the aborigine community. (Hodges, 1996 Fischer, 1992 Munn, 1973 Young, 1995)The above sections have briefly provided some of the salient traits and uses of video-conferencing in present day environment, as well as touched upon the subject of some of the situations where video-conferencing as a tool of information technology can save precious lives and property. The following section comprises of a brief overview of the development of video-conferencing over the last 5 years in particular, and its introduction as an important tool for exchanging information over the last few decades.A brief on the development over the last 3 decades of information technology shows that, indeed video-conferencing emerged as one of the most viable forms of communication as compared to the standard telephone set originally created by Graham Bell. Some of the first impressions of video-conferencing reveal that it comprises of being expensive, does not portray the images as may be required, may not work due to inadequate bandwidths or unavailability of a suitable phone connection, knockouties in establishing the ancillary equipment such as the monitors and the network of cords and wires, or as simple excuses as the way people would actually appear on a monitor screen, and the list simply may go on.Yet, all these and other excuses are now history, as the last 5 years have witnessed a dreaded growth and development of an entirely new set of equipment together with relevant advances in telecommunication technology. This has made the use of video-conferencing mode of communication not only cost effective but the hardware and software now in use are fairly easy to use with minimum of training required. This has fulfilled the two most imp ortant demands of the business circles across the globe first video-conferencing has brought a significant reduction in travel expenses, and secondly, it has made communication between people scattered across continents fairly simple and within the grasp of general populations/communities.In fact studies carried out by Wainhouse Research noted that since the onset of easy-to-use software, cost effective hardware and access to telephone lines in the last 2 years, there has been a tranquillize growth of approximately 30 percent in annual revenues across the video-conferencing industry.The availability of such equipment as web-camera is yet another evolution which has turned a simple desk-top computer into a digital-media thus changing the traditional video-conferencing technology into a new spectrum, and providing practically everyone with a desk-top, a telephone line, and a good Internet connection with a modern video-conferencing technology.The last 5 years have also witnessed the introduction of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -based networks with Internet Protocol (IP) systems, even though the first still dominate majority of the videoconference industry across the globe. Studies carried out by Frost Sullivan on the use of Internet noted that more than 95 percent of the videoconferences used the ISDN networks the same study also noted that 20 percent of the entire video-conferencing by groups and organizations was done through the Internet Protocol, and more than 92 percent of personal video-conferencing was IP based respectively.A brief comparison between IP based networks for video-conferencing and ISDN networking shows that IP based networking for video-conferencing is economical, provides for an exchange of information and data in a better manner, offers an easy integration option of video-conferencing and desk-top computers, and the facility of a better managed video-conferencing network. The same study also show that by next year, the diff erences between ISDN based network and IP-based networks for video-conferencing will be practically eliminated.Another major development in the video-conferencing industry is the growing demand for managing video-conferencing by organizations at their own premises and using the same staff. Respective employees in the information technology departments such as storage of data and e-mail management in addition to the responsibilities already handle this. With the new responsibilities of managing video-conferencing over traditional networking functions, this is indeed a major shift in the video-conferencing industry. The new trends of using ground computers as hubs for video-conferencing are also a source of worry for companies and organizations engaged with or providing specific software and equipment for the video-conferencing industry. Some of the organizations worthy of mentioning heterogeneous in products and services for the video-conferencing industry include Avaya, Cisco, Mic rosoft, and Nortel Networks.With the desktop computer already in use as a hub for video-conferencing, the video-conferencing industry is coming up with ever-new developments and technologies forever in search of upgrading the quality of both audio and video images to be transmitted over the network.Some of the modern tools introduced include the videophone, a product launched by Motorola/World Gate Communications, which transmits full-motion video images with an excellent audio levels requiring a high speed Internet connection, yet in appearance it is simply a cellular (mobile) phone.The LCD-Integrated Display is yet another modern tool for communication. This is an advanced version and a combination of integrated video-conferencing codecs, cameras, microphones and speakers all installed within the desktop computer. Already introduced by three major manufacturers, namely Polycom, Sony and Tanberg, each of the companies have successfully launched their products featuring the said ch aracteristics for videoconferencing. Sonys model PCS-TL50 perhaps stands out as the most advanced version, as it can perform the double function of desktop computer display, as well as easily switched on to video-conference monitor.Another development is the software based video-conferencing technology. Polycoms desktop model PVX is one such example of this new technology, which only requires a USB web-cam, a desktop computer, and software from either of the vendors in the video-conferencing industry. The significant feature of software-based video-conferencing is that it offers high-re tooth root pictures and high levels of audio. Polycoms PVX model offers a 30-frames per second picture frame, while the quality of sound is at 14kHz making it one of best performing information technology tools in video-conferencing. (Regenold, 2005)As also reiterated in the above sections of the paper, the information technology portal of video-conferencing has proved its worth due to its tremendous potential to reach anywhere and at any time. In addition, the physical presence is totally eliminated for imparting training, education, or merely exchanging information with employees of the same organization. An overview of the different situations and sectors where video-conferencing is widely applied includes education and professional training, though it is also used in vital meetings amongst board members of an organization situated in distant locations across the globe.Though professional training and corporate application in business organization is said to be the most important application of video-conferencing, it is the arena of education where its application has proved most beneficial. As also described in the above case studies of Aborigines of Australia receiving feedback and information from distant locations as far as London and the United States of America, or receiving education within the vast territories of the Australian continent, video-conferencing has truly added new dimensions in the discipline of education.One may note that though video-conferencing in the arena of education has been in practice for a number of years, its combination with online form of education has added significant value to the discipline of education. Both these technologies of video-conferencing and Online have thus not only meliorate the quality of education as visual cues and body language are utilized in video-conferencing, the technological pairing of the two has allowed for the provision of education experts without the need to physically call them. Thus, both the factor of time and place have been made independent, as also bringing a significant reduction in the cost of travel that would otherwise be required to move experts from one location to another. (Reed Woodruff, 1995 Willis, 1996)From the above it would be evident that video-conferencing and Online mode of education when combined truly offers an excellent form of imparting education minus the nu merous obstacles that may be required in the absence of both the said technology portals. However, there are numerous studies which provide significant evidence that video-conference even when combined with Online form of education has its own set of limitations, and perhaps these limitations are the reasons for the inability to make video-conferencing a virtual success.One such limitation, and perhaps greatest obstacle is the lack of interaction amongst the participants of a conference-conference. Also termed as talking heads, this format of imparting education and training is observed to loose its viability in the absence of true interaction, or failure to encourage participants to actively participate in the respective education/training program. In this context, one may observe that a face-to-face presentation comprising of no less than 50-minutes is it a tiring experience for the participants, and to bear a torment through video-conferencing is practically an impossible exerci se.As also evident through a number of studies, a colored lecture can only remain productive, or majority of participants remain active listeners for a maximum of 20 minutes only. After the passage of approximately 20 minutes into the one-sided lecture, an atmosphere of drowsiness can be witnessed amongst the participants. It is this fact, due to which video-conferencing even with the assistance of Online technology has not really been a favorite form of imparting education or training.There are however two methods or solutions for addressing such dilemmas as the lack of interaction amongst the participants. First is the pedagogical approach, while the second solution is through the effective use of technological aides.In the pedagogical approach for addressing the lack of interaction amongst the participants, there are three basic principals, which can provide avenues for active participation from the participants.First point is breaking the ice. These are creation of an atmospher e which provides for a motivating factor, in turn pushing the participants to actively take part in the ongoing lecture while there are amidst a video-conference this motivation and the respective atmosphere also allows for overcoming feelings of self-consciousness. This is also called breaking the ice.Secondly, the shorter a lecture and more focused it is, the better outcome in the shape of interaction by the participants, as well as easy transfer of knowledge/training text is observed. One way to accomplish this, and make presentations short is to provide a break after every 20 minutes, and engage the participants in some form of activity.Third point, and perhaps the most important is the officering participants to get involved in the interaction, and not to leave upon them to decide whether or not to participate. This factor is also important, as it allows for both breaking the ice, as well as breaking the same lecture or training session into a number of segments, each supported by a separate form of activity from the participants. Involving participants and engaging them for active interaction can be accomplished by involving them in debates between number of experts of the same discipline, through the adoption of role models or role-playing, putting controversial questions to the participants so that they are able to offer a variety of answers to the same question, instead of asking a question which only has one answer. This third point of involving the participants also implies that interaction amongst the participants has to pre-planned prior to the actual video-conference session, and cannot be simply pursued during the respective session or educational text. Though this form of inviting and engaging the participants is truly effective in delivering a truly successful lecture or training program whether professional or educational, its single largest drawback lies in the fact that this can only practiced and implemented in a live presentation or video conference.Addressing the dilemma or failure to actively participate in a videoconference from a technological perspective can be accomplished through the application of recorded messages, or training programmes. In this manner, the participants can gain access to the respective educational/ training material at the their own disposal, normally through the use of Internet. (Shearer, 2003 Kunz, 2000)It allows for the utilization of existing and be technologies.There is significantly little training required.Video-conferencing can be used in a number of settings, environments, and configurations.It is one of the most practical tools for creating a direct liaison with both audio as well as visual linkages amongst the participants.The operating costs are comparatively less, and this too depends on the distance and number of sites.Taking the case of an interview of a potential candidate by a delegacy of officials within an organization (such as interviewing a candidate to fulfill a fac ulty position in an academic institution) shows that advantages of video-conferencing far outweigh the disadvantages. First of all, dodge of the applicant is at the forefront followed by significant reduction in travel costs, time otherwise needed for the primary responsibilities. Then there is the special advantage of videotaping the entire proceedings of the interview, for later screening, as well as for those concerned officials who may not be available for the interview.One of the profound and proven advantages of video-conferencing has been observed in the teaching/learning environment of academic institutions. With exponential growth in the learning/teaching environment, in particular through the use of Online forms of education, videoconference has provided new dimensions to the teaching and learning situations. Though there emerges the need for specific equipment and personnel for video-conferencing, the basic requirement of an Internet Service Provider, a laptop or comput er and a web-camera are all that is required for video-conferencing to take place.Video-conferencing has also found tremendous advantages amongst teachers and pupils for a one-to-one teaching format, and communication with small groups of students located in distance locations. This is particularly true since the onset of Internet as a means of direct communication. The same application has also found tremendous advantages for business communications for both long distance meetings, and one-to-one contact with employees located in distance branches of the respective organization.Though relatively less in usage, the use of ISDN conferencing is an advanced version of video-conferencing, which provides for significantly better quality of both audio and video. The principle usage of the ISDN form of conference-conference is in the learning/ teaching environment where there exists the need to ask the expert. It is this advantage of calling upon external experts in far off locations that this ISDN video-conferencing is best applied. Another advantage of this form of video-conferencing is the facility to support entire group of professionals or students and involve them in the teaching/learning environment through direct interaction.One of the disadvantages of video-conferencing is observed in the initial nerve costs, which can be high as compared to traditional modes of meetings.Video-conferencing is still considered an evolving technology, hence standardization and its usage is yet to be fully developed.One of the major restraining factors and a disadvantage of video-conferencing is the inadequate infrastructure of local telephone networks, which is one of the rash requisites.Expansion of video-conferencing facilities and locations require substantial financing, hence its utility remains limited.The operational costs of videoconference also serve as an impediment.Taking the same example of an interview of a candidate by a team of officials of an organization, the re also exist disadvantages of video-conferencing these can include potential technical difficulties such as problems with the software, hardware, and/or failure of the network. Though these problems could well be tested prior to the actual event, such as the interview, there is always the possibility of an unexpected technical problem to emerge either before or even during the actual video-conferencing activity.A major impediment in video-conferencing is the lack of personal interaction, a factor that is often regarded as an important feature of any meeting, interview or feedback. A prime example of lack of personal interaction can be observed in the ever-important handshake that is considered an important aspect in the conclusion of a business meeting, or the successful completion of an interview.Then there is the aspect of eye contact, which too remains absent during a videoconference as eye-contact serves as an important feature for physical assessment of an individual (such as an applicant during an interview), and situations during a videoconference.Another disadvantage observed during a videoconference is the absence of trained and support personnel, in turn creating a host of problems for participants who may be unfamiliar with the video-conferencing equipment/environment, with the result that the same videoconference would make matters worse instead of providing facility for the participants.The disadvantages observed in the ISDN form of video-conferencing are the relative high costs incurred in the installation, rental and call charges. In addition the specific equipment for video-conferencing required for supporting ISDN too is costly. Then there is the difficult pattern of understanding data collaboration in ISDN, which is difficult to use, making it a disadvantage for video-conferencing.ConclusionThe above paper strives to present the topic of video-conferencing in a number of perspectives, and provides evidence in respect of the popularity one of the most advanced forms of communication prevalent today in various industries. Whether it is the arena of academia, business organizations, professional trainers, to government offices, the information technology portal of video-conferencing h

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education Essay

Investigating The Structure Of Pig Heart Physical Education EssayIntroductionThere be three layers of the effect the epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium. The punk, like a dual pump, which is to pump short letter around the whole body, pick-up nutrients and oxygen, at the same time, helping eliminate deleterious wastes, such as speed of light dioxide. Moreover, the heart consists of quaternary chambers two heart heart ventricles and two atria. The upper chambers be called atria while the lower chambers argon called ventricles, they are separated by valves. Valves are one-way, see Figure 1(Lane, 2010b), hence, they play an important role in preventing the melodic phrase from flowing back.Figure 1 One Way Valve (Lane, 2010b)The left are practiced-hand(a) chambers are separated by tidy ring septum. Without this septum, blood from one chamber will be mixed up with the blood from another and be contaminated (Burnell, 2010).The ventricles have thicker muscles than the a tria, they are strong enough to pump the blood out of the heart and circulate to other parts of the body. Besides, the squash applied on the left ventricle is greater. As a result, the walls of the left ventricle are the thickest among all the walls of chambers (Burnell, 2010).The coronary artery supply blood to heart muscles and oxygenated, it under the groove on the front the heart and it branches over the front (Lane, 2010b)The pulmonic artery chiffonier carry blood to lungs to incept oxygen. It is used to act the short distance to lungs because large volume of blood can be passed through and oxygenated. The pulmonary artery locates d of curving out of the right ventricle (Lane, 2010b).MethodologyApparatusThe material and apparatus used in the experiment the fresh pig heart, dissecting pan, forceps, scalpels, scissors and gloves.Methods and ObservationsProcedure 1 External Structure (Lane, 2010a)The heart was washed and placed into a dissecting pan.The colour of heart is exp loit, white colour exist in the top (maybe this colour is from fatty) and with frequently dried blood. It can be held by two hands and approximately is 13 cm 10 cm 7 cm. The heart is near 0.25 kg.The pericardium was establish a covering the membrane of heart. The pericardium was cut by a scalpel so that the pericardium could be observed. The myocardium was located below the pericardium.The pericardium is a strong membrane. Thus, it is difficult to remove this membrane. It is about 1mm and colourless.The crown was located and was pointing down.The apex is easy to find, it is pink and pointed.The front of the heart was recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end to the left of the apex.There are many veined patterns in the front of heart, judged it in this way the major blood vessels were on the top half running down to the apex.There were four chambers in heart. The left and right atria were found.Left and right chambers are distinct and atria are upper than the ventricles. Also, the left chambers are bigger than right chamber.Blood vessels at the broad end of the heart were located. The coronary artery was found its emplacement the pulmonary artery was located by hitch curving out of the right ventricle and the aorta was located behind the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary veins were found at the top of the left atrium. The superior vena cava was found in top of right atrium.The coronary artery is under the groove on the front of the heart. The pulmonary artery on the right side, the aorta is behind the pulmonary artery both from the top. The diameters of holes are about 3cm. The pulmonary vein is in the left side and behind the superior vena cave. However, the inferior vena cava can not be found.Figure 2 and Figure 3 are shown the external grammatical construction (Xia, 2010).Procedure 2 Internal Anatomy (Lane, 2010a) victimisation scissors, the pulmonary artery was cut through. The wall of the right ventricle was cut down continually, parallel to the groove of coronary artery.It is easy to cut through and the wall of the right ventricle. The wall is about 1cm thin and very smooth.A finger was used to push open the heart, the dried blood inside the chambers was washed out. galore(postnominal) blood clots exist inside. The blood clots are dark and jellified.The muscular wall of right atrium was measured. The right ventricle was felt the thickness and its smooth textured lining.The muscular wall of the right atrium was measured, about 1cm. The wall is very smooth.Inferior vena cava was found in the internal right ventricle, and the lack of valves was noticed.Inferior vena cava in the inside chamber lower left, which locate in right ventricle, near apex.The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was observed.The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is thin and easy to break. It was not easily seen.The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed.The network of irregular musc ular cords was found everywhere. The colour of them is pink and ropy. It is hard to destroy.The septum on the right side of the right ventricle was found.The septum on the right side of right ventricle is very thick about 1.5cm.Using a finger, the pulmonary artery was followed to locate the right ventricle. The pulmonary valve was found.The pulmonary valve is very thin about 1mm and not seen to be intact.Figure 3 is shown the right side of heart (Xia, 2010).Using scissors, the heart was cut on the outside of left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to septum at the midriff groove. The heart was cleaned.The wall of the left atrium is about 2.5cm. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker, about 3 cm and hard to cut through. Jellified bloods were washed.Semi-lunar valves were found.Semi-lunar valves are consisting two valves, about 1mm and pink.Mitral valve was found.The two parts of valves were seen and about 1mm.The left ventricle was cut across toward t he aorta, to expose any valves.The left ventricle is hard to cut because the wall is about 3cm.The aortic valve was found.The valve is consisted of three flaps, the shape as half-moon, about 1mm.Figure 5 is shown the left side of heart (Xia, 2010).Figure 6 is shown the internal form (Xia, 2010)ResultFigure 2 The Front View of Heart (Xia, 2010)Figure 3 The Rear View of Heart (Xia, 2010)Figure 4 The Right side of Heart (Xia, 2010)Figure 5 The Left Side of Heart (Xia, 2010)Figure 6 The Internal Structure (Xia, 2010)All these figures are at the end of newspaper in the appendix.DiscussionInitially, because the structure of heart is unfamiliar, the process was done slowly, and many aspects are uncertain. In addition, before the experiment a picture of heart structure was found, during the experiment the picture was used to compare with the real heart so that identification can be more easily achieved to find structures position. However, the correct position of picture is different fro m position in the real heart. The reasons may the diagram is idealized, the real heart is empty and collapsed, structures lack colour contrast to distinguish.When the wall of left ventricle was cut, it is more difficult to sever than the right ventricle. During procedure 2, some muscular cords were cut and some places were undistinguishable. The wall of left ventricle is much thicker than right wall because the left ventricle did the major work.The handout suggested that watching the diastole and systole of the heart. However, this is a departed pig heart, thus, the phenomenon can not be seen. In addition, valves are very thin, when the heart is cut, valves are easily destroyed by mistake, such as the pulmonary valve is not seen to be intact.ConclusionDuring the experiment, the heart was examined, its external structure, separately vessels characteristic and position was found and recognized. In the internal anatomy, different positions of valves were found. Dimensions of different parts of heart were measured the size of heart, the pericardium, the diameter of vessels holes, the wall of the right ventricle and atrium, the wall of the left ventricle and atrium, the thickness of semi-lunar valves, the thickness of mitral valve, the thickness of aortic valve.

Group Dynamics in Psychology Essay -- Papers

Questions and Answers About Group Dynamics in Psychology 1. How does each star of the two fit the definition of a group? Social- In my sociable group, it is clear that we are a collection of individuals guided by roles and norms. We, as friends, clearly influence each other, satisfy personal needs done association, and could be classified as a unit due to our common relation and pointedness of similiarity. I also notice a great degree of interdependence. That is, evnts affecting one tend to affect us all in some way or another. Work- Contrastingly, in my work group, I dont find as much similarity and personal need fulfillment. In this group, I observe a greater emphasis on goal achievement. At work, we achieve goals that we would other be unable to accompl ish individually. I also recognize a sense of interdependence as we are all affected by changes involving both single employee. 2. Name the five basic elements for effectiveness in groups and discuss each with respect to both groups.a) Positive InterdependenceSocial In my social group for example, we often help one another such that we are able to accomplish group goals and wants. I remember one incident in high school w... ...ate into personal attacks. 10. Discuss the importance of action theory and learning to Group Dynamics (in your own words). How can your learning experience be enhanced by your behavior?In order to be an effective contributer to a group, one must be aware of the conseq uences of their various behaviors. In addition, one must have a well established set of action theories from which to choose when attempting to reach a desired outcome. Furthermore in order to suss out group success, individuals must be able to recognize when behavior becomes ineffective such that action theories can be modified. This learning process can be enhanced by the willingness to take risks and experiment with different behaviors. As Herbert Otto said Change and growth take place when a person has risked himself and dares to become affect with experimenting with his own life.

Strains on Partnership Arrangements in Business :: Business Ownership

a.Collaborations importance to partnersOne partner may give more trouble attention to a collaborative arrangement than the other does. a. If things go wrong, the active partner blames the less-active partner for its lack of attention, and the less-active partner blames the more active partner for make poor decisions. The difference in attention may be due to the different sizes of partners.b.Differing objectivesAlthough companies enter into collaborative arrangements because they have complementary capabilities, their objectives may evolve differently over time. For instance, one partner may urgency to reinvest earnings for growth and the other may want to receive dividends. One partner may want to expand the product line and sales territory, and the other may see this as competition with its wholly owned operations. A partner may privation to sell or buy from the venture, and the other partner may disagree with the prices.c.Control problemsBy sharing the assets wit h another company, one company may pull away some control of the extent or quality of the assets use. When no single company has control of a collaborative arrangement, the operation may lack direction. Studies evidence that when two or more partners attempt to share in an operations care, failure is much more likely than when one partner dominates. However, the dominating partner mustiness consider the other companys interests. For this reason, studies also show that joint ventures with an even split in ownership are likely to succeed because the financial ownership ensures that management will consider both partners interests.d.Partners contributions and appropriationsOne partners capability of contributing technology, capital, or some other asset may diminish compared to its partners capability over time. In almost all collaborative arrangements, there is a danger that one partner will use the other partners contributed assets, enabling it to become a competitor. e.Difference s in cultureCompanies with different cultures differ in how they evaluate the success of their operations.