Example Problem of Enthalpy Change of a Reaction

Example Problem of Enthalpy Change of a Reaction This example problem shows how to find the enthalpy for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Enthalpy Review You may wish to review the Laws of Thermochemistry and Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions before you begin. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that is the sum of the internal energy that is added to a system and the product of its pressure and volume. Its a measure of the systems capacity to release heat and perform non-mechanical work. In equations, enthalpy is denoted by the capital letter H, while specific enthalpy is lowercase h. Its units are usually joules, calories, or BTUs. The change in enthalpy is directly proportional to the number of reactants and products, so you work this type of problem using the change in enthalpy for the reaction or by calculating it from the heats of formation of the reactants and products and then multiplying this value times the actual quantity (in moles) of material that is present. Enthalpy Problem Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following thermochemical reaction:H2O2(l) → H2O(l) 1/2 O2(g); ΔH -98.2 kJCalculate the change in enthalpy, ΔH, when 1.00 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposes. Solution This sort of problem is solved by using a table to look up the change in enthalpy  unless its given to you (as it is here).  The thermochemical equation tells us that ΔH  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹for the decomposition of 1 mole of H2O2 is -98.2 kJ, so this relationship can be used as a conversion factor. Once you know the change in enthalpy, you need to know the number of moles of the relevant compound to calculate the answer.  Using the Periodic Table  to add up the masses of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in hydrogen peroxide, you find  the molecular mass of H2O2 is 34.0 (2 x 1 for hydrogen 2 x 16 for oxygen), which means that 1 mol H2O2 34.0 g H2O2. Using these values: ΔH 1.00 g H2O2 x 1 mol H2O2 / 34.0 g H2O2 x -98.2 kJ / 1 mol H2O2ΔH -2.89 kJ Answer The change in enthalpy, ΔH, when 1.00 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposes -2.89 kJ Its a good idea to check your work to make sure the conversion factors all cancel out to leave you with an answer in energy units. The most common error made in the calculation is accidentally switching the numerator and denominator of a conversion factor. The other pitfall is significant figures. In this problem, the change in enthalpy and mass of sample both were given using 3 significant figures, so the answer should be reported using the same number of digits.

Free Essays on Market Research

CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 Background of Marlboro 3 2.2 Decision Problem 3 2.3 Research Problem 4 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 4 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Target Population & Sample Size 4.2 Sampling Method 4.3 Data Collection Method 4.4 Survey Period 4.5 Pre  ¡V Testing 5. SURVEY FINDINGS 7 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7. APPENDIX (SURVEY FORM) 22 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marlboro is a well known brand around the world. Marlboro is from Philip Morris & Co, Ltd. Marlboro stands 39% of the market share around the world. But over the past few years Marlboro sales volume has decreased over the years due to competitions. We have conducted a survey to find out why Marlboro sales volume has been decreasing over the past few years. The total no. of respondents is 60. We have used exploratory methods for the surveys. Our findings reflected that most of the respondents who have switch to other brands of cigarettes were due mainly to the high price of Marlboro. From our findings we can conclude that Marlboro has high quality tobacco. Also we found out that young female smokers might have the tendency to quit smoking in the near future because they find that the new cigarettes package design is too gross and irritating. This goes to show that the anti-smoking campaign in Singapore is quite effective on certain amount of smokers. Our conclusion and recommendations to Marlboro is that they can come up with a new type of cigarettes with lower quality and cheaper prices in order for them to regain their market shares. 2. BACKGROUND 2002 marked the 100-year anniversary for our Company. Philip Morris & Co., Ltd. incorporated as a small tobacco company in New York City in 1902. In 1960, Philip Morris remained the smallest among the six major tobacco companies in the U.S. Our focus on hiring the best people, producing the highest quality products, committing to continued impro... Free Essays on Market Research Free Essays on Market Research CONTENTS PAGE CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 2 2.1 Background of Marlboro 3 2.2 Decision Problem 3 2.3 Research Problem 4 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 4 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Target Population & Sample Size 4.2 Sampling Method 4.3 Data Collection Method 4.4 Survey Period 4.5 Pre  ¡V Testing 5. SURVEY FINDINGS 7 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7. APPENDIX (SURVEY FORM) 22 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marlboro is a well known brand around the world. Marlboro is from Philip Morris & Co, Ltd. Marlboro stands 39% of the market share around the world. But over the past few years Marlboro sales volume has decreased over the years due to competitions. We have conducted a survey to find out why Marlboro sales volume has been decreasing over the past few years. The total no. of respondents is 60. We have used exploratory methods for the surveys. Our findings reflected that most of the respondents who have switch to other brands of cigarettes were due mainly to the high price of Marlboro. From our findings we can conclude that Marlboro has high quality tobacco. Also we found out that young female smokers might have the tendency to quit smoking in the near future because they find that the new cigarettes package design is too gross and irritating. This goes to show that the anti-smoking campaign in Singapore is quite effective on certain amount of smokers. Our conclusion and recommendations to Marlboro is that they can come up with a new type of cigarettes with lower quality and cheaper prices in order for them to regain their market shares. 2. BACKGROUND 2002 marked the 100-year anniversary for our Company. Philip Morris & Co., Ltd. incorporated as a small tobacco company in New York City in 1902. In 1960, Philip Morris remained the smallest among the six major tobacco companies in the U.S. Our focus on hiring the best people, producing the highest quality products, committing to continued impro...

Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Case Study Example In other words change management tries to reduce the impacts on the employees of the organization and ensures to avoid disruption. Therefore the companies which successfully implements change in their system of operation are successful and on the contrary those who could not execute it properly remain at the flipside. The report will highlight on the rationale for which the company is making changes in its existing system of conducting business. The report will also try to draw attention to on the specific changes which are undertaken by Virgin Blue. Apart from that the report will also use Kotter’s eight step change model to showcase change management process. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Why Virgin is changing 5 Changes in Virgin 7 Kotter Eight step model 9 Conclusion 14 References 15 Bibliography 17 Introduction Business environment is turbulent and organizations are not only making frequent changes to their operations but also making changes which are complex in nature. Change is the most essential characteristic for an effective management (Hussey, 2000, p.1). Change management is defined as the structured approach for modifying the organizations current situation to a preferred situation in the future. Change management is considered important for various reasons i.e. a number of issues influences the need for change. The major changes include technological change, change in customer tastes, alteration in the rules and regulations of the government, issues related to industrial relationship, competition changes, changes in leadership and a cluster of different other changes which either affects the growth of the organization or improves survival opportunity and expansion of the organization (A. Mills, Dye & J. Mills, 2008, p.10). In order to conduct or assess the positive impacts of chang e management in an organization Virgin blue the Australian air transport company has been chosen. The chosen company is a part of the renowned virgin group. The company arrived in the Australian market during the early 2000. They entered the Australian aviation industry and from then onwards they have given stiff completion to other players. The first flight of the company was DJ214 from Brisbane to Sydney during august 2000 (Virgin Australia, n.d.). They have principally focused on the leisure sector of the industry. The company has repositioned itself during the mid of 2011 with the launching of virgin Australia (Virgin Australia, n.d.). The company also achieved plenty of acclamation to its name. So in order to remain in the long run the company is also focusing on the changes to its current state. Why Virgin is changing A change in organization is a risky activity as organizations sometime fails or do not realize the proposed results. There are number of factors which are consid ered by the company to undergo changes in their existing system. Some of the reasons that Virgin blue has considered for making changes in their organization are as follows:- Declining market share – With the struggling economy there were huge losses of job and slow growth of economy. In such situations there are very less leisure travels and people tend to cut down their cost on luxury spending. Leisure travelling is one activity which gets hampered. Therefore it was necessary to make changes in their current state in order to strengthen the financial condition of the company. The changes which need to be undertaken are strictly based on current market situation. Strengthen Position in the corporate market – One of the strongest reason for which the company considered to implement changes in their

European Studies 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

European Studies 2 - Essay Example This paper attempts to explain why and in the process discusses the qualities and characteristics that make a good leader, based on the views of Machiavelli, which seem to do violence on the popular concept of leadership. According to Machiavelli, good intentions, strong moral convictions and even technical expertise do not guarantee success in the political and administrative arena (Dobel, 1998). â€Å"The man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous.† A man from the common people may aspire for the highest post, and he can do alone or with the help of others. If he becomes a leader through his wealth rather than through popularity or force of arms, he is still said to have become a leader with the help of others. The reason is that the people will look not to him but to his wealth as the source of his power. The people’s attitude will be based not on the strength of his character or the wisdom of his acts but on the state of his finances. Machiavelli counts liberality and generosity as among the various qualities it is desirable to see in a leader, but â€Å"the reputation for liberality or generosity is better than the practice thereof.† In other words, one does not need to be liberal or generous throughout. The important thing is he acquires a reputation for these predilections without going overboard. The danger with a thoroughly liberal disposition, according to Machiavelli, is that this is likely to â€Å"consume his whole substance in things of this sort†¦ and be obliged, to maintain his reputation for liberality, to burden his subjects with extraordinary taxes and to resort to confiscations and all the other shifts whereby money is raised.† By consuming the means for practicing liberality and generosity, these dispositions lead to a reputation for the opposite. In general, leaders are better off if they are loved rather than feared by their constituents. Machiavelli,

Farenheit 451 Life Essay Example for Free

Farenheit 451 Life Essay What is it like to live in a parallel universe where everything is opposite and nothing seems to make sense? In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author portrays a different point of view through his science fiction dyspepsia novel. In this novel, Bradbury portrays a lifestyle of no individuality, no questioning, or not even reading a book, in result, causing people to react without thinking. Therefore, this novel could be considered a warning to todays society and the outcome of the future. Many people in todays world act like conformists much like the people in Fahrenheit 451. For instance, in this scene Mildred describes the following; They write the script with one part missing. Its a new idea. The homemaker, thats me, is the missing part. When it comes time for the missing part, they all look at me out of the three walls and I say the lines. Here for instance, the man says, What do you think of this whole idea Helen?. And I say, I say, I think thats fine! (pages 17-18). In this description, it is clear that Mildred is a person who mindlessly follows certain standards to be in the social norm, thus a conformist. In fact, this is often used today through social networking devices such as Youth where people listen to the videos and become obsessed and infatuated with a particular style or social norm. In contrast, l sometime think drivers dont know what grass is or flowers because they never see them slowly, she said l rarely watch the parlor walls or go to races or Fu n Parks. So Vie got lots of time for crazy thoughts, I guess. Pages 6-7) This illustrates how when Claries take things slowly, she gets to see the whole world and not Just a portion of it eke if she was rushing. In comparison to todays world, if people would slow down and take the time to think, the world wouldnt have as many conformists. Today, social networking has taken on a major role in daily lives. In Fahrenheit 451, it describes a similar experience; Picture it. Nineteen century man with his horses, dogs, carts, slow motion. Then in the twentieth century speed up your camera. Books cut shorter. Condensation. Digest tabloids. Everything boils down to the gag, the snap ending. (page 52). Thus, implying that life has become fast pace and individuals have very little time to read, enjoy life or hobbies. In fact, the use of cell phones today dictates the life of many teenagers who dont have time to socialize face to face and conveniently do so through cell phones. Furthermore, messages are condensed to abbreviations such as 101 and OMG as a way of saving time. Additionally, There was a tiny dance of melody in the air, her Seashell was tamped in her ear again and she was listening to people far away Why didnt he buy himself and audio-seashell station and talk to his wife late at night Page 39) This scene shows how Montage wants to talk to his wife but she is constantly on her ear phones. This is yet another example that can compare to how teenagers today are constantly using technology so much that is distracts them from other things. In Fahrenheit 451, books are burned to prevent individuality and solicit a form of censorship of what is acceptable and what is not in accordance with government, social, and cultural norms. Specifically this scene; cant ever have my books, she The people in those books never lived. Come out of it now! This form of censorship and eradication of literature is designed to prevent individualism and to foster a specific belief. Also comparing to how in todays world, people do not want other individuals to stray from the social cycle. Furthermore, Im antisocial they say. I dont mix. Its so strange. Im very social indeed. (page 26). This quote shows how Claries doesnt fit into her school because she doesnt reason like the other students. When this is equated to the world today, it can be used as an example on how people preferential people through looks, different thoughts, and overall appearance and section them out from what is considered normal. Throughout this book, Bradbury shows the reader how technology can brainwash people into mindless fools with no originality. This compares to how in todays world, people use technology as a way to fit in. Therefore, this concludes Fahrenheit 451 can be a warning to society and the outcome of the future. In conclusion, how much exposure can this world handle until we become mindless people?

She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith

She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991 She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith She Stoops to Conquer Oliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America. Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belle's Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a "laughing comedy" and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Dryden's Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date. The plot concerns the "Mistakes of the Night" and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hasting's attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kate's stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages. Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastle's concern with his daughter's dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane. It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. I'm sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on paper. Casts Lists: original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent Garden October 3, 1775, Drury Lane Works Cited Danziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978 Ferguson, Oliver W. "Kate's Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer." Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois: Loyola University of Chicago, 1991

Medicine Men of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska Essay

The  Oglala medicine men belong to the Sioux Indian Community in Manderson, Potato Creek, Kyle, Oglala, No. 4, Red Shirt Table, Wanblee. This Indian Tribe in Nebraska is watched over by a branch of the Office of Indian Affairs located within its territory. Civilizations have used different ways of curing their sick. The bible states that Jesus cured the sick by using miracles. The Chinese cure their sick using reflexology, acupuncture as well as the taking of the root of the plant ginseng. The American doctors use manufactured drugs like Tylenol or Aspirins to cure the pains of their patients. Admittedly, the different ways of curing the sick has been handed down from generation to generation. In fact, in some countries, the faith healers believe that they have the inner power to heal the sick if their patients will have faith in the doctors. Currently, many born again fellowships are centered on a pastor who cures the cancers (Aldredge-Clanton 11), diabetes, high blood and lets the invalid throw away his crutches because he can now walk. This type of healing is called miracle healing where the pastor impresses on the minds of their church members that Jesus and around and will remove their affliction. The following paragraphs explains the uniqueness of the Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska as they go about their daily festive activity of maintaining the community’s health by curing the ailments and the sufferings of their Indian neighbors. BODY His role in the community The role of the medical doctors or so called healers is to cure the sick and alleviate the pain of the dying Indian person. The healer brings hope the suffering and pain of their Indian neighbors. And the healers include in their medical armory the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance is the ritual part of the Indian doctors’ healing procedure. This dance is performed during the midsummer and indeed that most intricately complex part of the Indian healers curative process. Thus, their role in the community is to heal the patients using many processes. One such process is the ritual method. For, ritual and reciprocal communication between the patient and the medicine men and women is designed to start a biological and social rhythm motion through by influencing the neurophysiologial structures of the patients’ ailed body parts. Likewise, the Indian medicine man’s way of curing their patient is blanketed with myth which includes the use of the environment in the healing process (Lewis 169). To reiterate, the medicine men’s role is to keep as many of their Indian neighbors as healthy as possible. Evidently, a healthy people would spur the community’s economy to a more frantic pace. However, a population with many sick neighbors would eat away the community’s money because the government has lesser people to spice up the community’s economy. The medicine men and women here also help the community by influencing the policy makers in their community to craft laws, ordinances and statutes that focus on maintaining the health of the Oglala Indian community of Nebraska, USA (Lewis, 41). Thus, the role that these Oglala Indian medicine men play is very important. His status The status of the Oglala American Indian of Nebraska, USA’s medicine men and women here is such that they are being trusted and asked for advices in terms of health. In fact, many politicians in their community approve of the teachings and activities of the medicine. This is their way of enticing the medicine men and women to recommend to their patients, friends and every day contacts to vote for the politician and to support him or her plans and programs for the Oglala Indian community. Unquestionably, their major role is to keep the people healthy. (Lewis 71). For, these medicine men of Oglala, Nebraska exude an air of authority for what they tell their patients to do will often be done in most cases because the patients want to live longer. His knowledge The Oglala medicine men and medicine women are mostly comprised of senior citizens who started their medicine practice late or after the prime of their life. For, they had to gather enough experiences in life as well as theoretical knowledge that will give them necessary medical knowledge as they take up administrative positions in their Indian tribe. Many of the older women and men of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement absorbed all they could to gain expertise in the field of medical practice that included the use of herbs as medicines. Specifically, many of the medical practitioners of this small United States tribe specialized in the study of the symptoms, causes and the herbal cures for various diseases. Also, some of the medicine men and women generally studied how to cure the physical and mind -related sickness (Lewis, 10). The Oglala medicine men are generally well versed in terms of which herbal plants will be very effective in alleviating many of the health risks of their constituents. Beliefs, and similar type of information that relates to the Medicine men. The people of the Oglala Indian settlement believe that some ritual songs can hasten the healing process. One such popular song is the Oglala’s Indian song. This magical song is believed to sprinkle the patients with the powder of cure. The Indian medicine men believe that this song is embodied with syncretistic and revivalist. For, this song brings out the embodiment of syncreustic and revivalistic elements of the Sioux faith and Pan –Indian movements. The Indian medicine men and women believe that the current ailments afflicting their constituents were caused by their intermingling with the White Americans. For, they believed that the normal Indian was healthy before these whites visited them and imprisoned them in Indian settlements. Thus, the present Indian sickness have been brought about by their change in lifestyles. For, The Indians freely roamed the prairie and other lands as they followed where the roaming animals would go during the pre –white days. This lifestyle had been cut because the whites placed them inside their Indian settlements for fear they Indians would endanger the lives of the Whites. The Indian healers believed that the Whites had forced them to live in log cabins. This is what caused their health to deteriorate to the level of the white’s health conditions. Also, the Indian lifestyles of free roaming of the desserts to search for their main dish of buffalo meat to their new log cabins resulted to a crowded home and school (Carter 103). Thus, their physical power to repel viruses and bacteria that is the root cause of many of the unhealthiness continues to this day. For, the Indians believed that living in their teepees ( Indian tent houses) brought them good health (Fletcher 81). Reference ceremonies or events the medicine men conducts or participates in. The medicine men and the medicine women of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement studied how some of the herbs cropping up around their community could alleviate or even eradicate some or all their community members’ ailments. This also includes other mundane treatments of many of the diseases plaguing the Indian Territory. Also, the Oglala medicine men conducted their normal Sun Dance in their community to usher in health into their community. In addition, the medicine men and women of the Oglala United States Indian reservation included in some of their jobs to cure their fellow Indian tribesmen and tribeswomen several repertoire of what they identified as Sacred Indian songs. In fact, some of the tribe men and tribe women native doctors use a unique Indian method described as calling the healing process to start immediately. Normally, the healing process is a two way succeed. Meaning, the tribesmen and tribeswomen and their Indian patients must literally put their trust and fate in the medicine men and women to pluck them out of their pain or injustice. This trust is influenced by the strength and intensity of the medicine men, medicine women and their patients to have an unwavering conviction that their local community doctors here would cure them of their pain and suffering. Further, this only shows that the entire healing process of their local healers falls beyond man’s control and ambition. In short, the Indian healing process is classified by something clearly outside the normal realm of human control and ambitiousness. The medical training here is uniquely their own. Meaning, their medical procedures clearly run one hundred eighty degrees around the normal medical procedures that non –Indian medical practitioners use to cure or just alleviate their sick patients. Thus the long and energy sapping training that the Indians studying medicine in their local community willingly undergo in order to reach the prestigious status in their locality as a medicine man. In fact, only a few of the fresh graduates of formal schools are willing to continue their education in the new field of local Indian medicine. In contrast, many of the people studying medicine in this local United States Indian tribe in Lakotas (Faller 64) have also been introduced of the United States’ white men’s medical school among the Navajo Indians. However, this Navajo idea is not part of the wishes of the Oglala Indians because they do not aim to set up their own medicine schools. Here, the local Indians can sell their medical materials like the medicinal herbs as well as the ceremony programs. Usually, these Indian health programs allow the selling or giving of medicine materials and ceremonial disease -curing processes to be sold or given to another person needing them. The medical training of Indians aspiring to be medical practitioners includes starting out as assistant singer or drummer in a real live medical hearing process for several years. The Indian medical student must blend into the environment with their participation of much needed Sun Dance and other medicine rights so that the medicine trainees so they could increase their powers as well as reputation with their patients handled. For, the medicine men and women believe that they have reached that pinnacle in life where they could qualify as a representative of the spirit world. For the medicine men and women in this tribe normally also use the power of conjuring spirits to help them in their day to day medical practices (Lewis 39). A healing process includes consulting the parents and relatives of the sick patient in order to get a historical background the patient from the patients’ health issues as well as the sickness that the patients parents, grandparents and the like normally have. Also, the medicine men and women ask additional information from their patients’ advisers as well as intermediaries. Also, the Indian healers show the same techniques and processes as they go about curing sick patients with the same illnesses. A formal healing session always starts with the patient visiting the Indian healer several times in a casual way in order to entice the Indian healers to accept this person as a new patient. Accepting this patient is a new contract. The medicine men and women normally command the patients to first fast, to seek visions, to abstain on some things, to pray for divine healing from God, and to prepare food for inns. Accepting the new patient is then followed by the Indian healers’ full concentration of healing powers and time to a full implementation of the proper medical healing procedures to be imposed. In turn, the patient can now sit back, relax and wait for their medicine man or medicine woman to help him or her cure his or her medical condition. The medicine men and women recognize some of the medical practices of white doctors. One such belief shared by both types of doctors is that time is an ally in many medical cases. For, these Indian healers believe that time helps in their patients’ recovery process. Also, time heals some fears or phobias like what the white psychologists and psychiatrists adhere to. Naturally, the arrival of the medicine man or woman ushers in the patient a sign of relief because finally something and something will step into the painful world to extricate them from their miseries (Lewis 40). Normally, the Indian medicine man or woman’s healing repertoire includes a drama –like presentation. Meaning, the curing process includes a stage, actors as well as music. For, the patient is now transported into a world where the patient is not placed in darkness, immobility and a world of healing songs which sometimes includes dances. Consequently, the patient is healed because of the trance they enter into where the medical songs bring healing into their afflicted body part or parts (Lewis 42). This picturesque orchestra –like description of the medicine man’s or medicine woman’s work shows that he or she plays a pivotal part in the Oglala Nebraska, USA Indian community. On the other side of the United States, the Navajo Indians also use their kind of traditional healing. The medicine men here use the medical technique of gazing. The medicine men just gazes in their patients to feel the aura of the patient. For, the Navajo Indian medicine men will feel the vibrations that tell him what caused the patient to fall victim to a virus, bacteria, to succumb to high blood, diabetes, cancer, epilepsy and the like. The Navajo Indian doctor then moves some of the patients’ parts like the hands and feet to confirm his first impression of what the patients’ ailment is (Davies 83). The medicine doctors of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska, USA’s main role is to maintain the health of their small Indian community. The medicine men use primitive ways of curing the sick. One such way is to use the Sun Dance. The Sun dance brings health to the community because this festive dance is believed to absorb the vital elements of the environment and funnel it to the people in the community. Also, the medicine man uses the communication process as part of his healing procedures. Here, he gathers much needed information from the patient, his family and his relatives in order to come up with the cause or causes of his unhealthiness.